Néphrologie
   

Identifier rapidement les patients ayant un risque de dommage rénal

Les chaînes légères libres sont toxiques pour le rein

Due à la toxicité des chaînes légères libres, les reins sont souvent affectés dans les dyscrasies des plasmocytes. Les chaînes légères monoclonales produites par différents individus ont des propriétés néphrotoxiques différentes. Par exemple, certaines chaînes légères monoclonales peuvent former des fibrilles (amylose AL), alors que d’autres peuvent former des dépôts localisés dans les membranes internes du rein (maladie de dépôt des chaînes légères) ou dans le tubule interstitiel (cylindre myélomateux).

A leur arrivée, environ 50% des patients atteints de Myélome Multiple (MM) ont des dommages rénaux, variant d’une insuffisance légère (asymptomatique) à une insuffisance sévère. 12-20% des patients présentent une insuffisance rénale aigue.  La majorité des cas est due à un cylindre myélomateux, aussi connue sous le nom de néphropathie myélomateuse. Dans le cylindre myélomateux, les chaînes légères libres, en association avec la protéine de Tamm-Horsfall, forment des dépôts cireux qui bloquent les tubules distaux, Figure 1. 10% des patients avec un MM resteront sous hémodialyse à long terme. Le taux de mortalité de ces individus est élevé, et les possibilités de traitement sont limitées.

Figure 1: Myélome Rénal

 

 

Freelite® est une avancée majeure pour la détection et le suivi des Myélomes Multiples (MM) et autres dyscrasies des cellules B. Les tests Freelite ont été développés par la société Binding Site afin de quantifier les chaînes légères libres lambda et kappa des immunoglobulines. Notre expertise dans la fabrication d’anticorps a permis la mise au point d’un test de quantification des chaînes légères libres sériques spécifique, performant et automatisable.

Le bénéfice du dosage des chaînes légères libres sériques est à présent cliniquement prouvé pour le dépistage initial des gammapathies monoclonales, l’identification des patients atteints d’amylose ou de MM non sécrétant non détectés par les méthodes électrophorétiques conventionnelles. Il sert d’indicateur pronostic pour la progression des myélomes, la stratification du risque de patients atteints de MGUS et une évaluation rapide de l’efficacité d’un traitement.

Freelite® est un marqueur sensible spécifique des chaînes légères libres kappa et lambda (CLL) sériques. Il fournit une mesure quantitative de :

  • Kappa libre dans le sérum
  • Lambda libre dans le sérum
  • rapport Kappa libre/Lambda libre dans le sérum

Le rapport des chaînes légères libres est un bon indicateur de la monoclonalité. Il est utile à la distinction entre les maladies monoclonales et les pathologies polyclonales.

En 2009, le Groupe de travail international sur le myélome a publié un guide recommandant la mesure des concentrations en chaînes légères libres sériques comme une aide dans le diagnostic, le pronostic et le suivi des patients atteints de myélome multiple.
Ce guide était fondé sur les résultats obtenus dans des essais cliniques extensifs en utilisant les tests polyclonaux Freelite®.1

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Freelite® doit être utilisé conjointement à l’électrophorèse des protéines sériques, afin de rapidement dépister les gammapathies chez les patients présentant une insuffisance rénale inexpliquée. Le test Freelite est très sensible ; il quantifie les taux de chaînes légères libres kappa (κ) et lambda (λ) en routine sur un échantillon de sérum. Il n’est plus nécessaire de réaliser une protéinurie de Bence Jones (BPJ).

Dans les gammapathies monoclonales associées à des insuffisances rénales sévères, telles que les cylindres myélomateux, la diminution du débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG) provoque la diminution d’évacuation des urines. Ainsi, les concentrations en chaînes légères libres urinaires ne reflètent ni la concentration sérique ni la production. Dans de telles situations, le test  Freelite® a un avantage majeur résidant dans le rapport sérique κ/λ qui est peu affecté par la fonction rénale. En cas d’insuffisance rénale, les concentrations en kappa et en lambda augmentent alors que le rapport κ/λ restera le plus souvent dans les valeurs normales.2

Une étude récente a proposé l’utilisation d’une gamme de référence du rapport κ/λ étendue pour les patients souffrant d’insuffisance rénale.3 En utilisant cette gamme étendue, la spécificité du diagnostic grâce à Freelite® a augmenté sans perte de sensibilité.4,5
  • L’addition de Freelite® dans la procédure de prise en charge initiale du patient en néphrologie pourrait augmenter la détection des gammapathies monoclonales.
     
  • Freelite® peut remplacer la protéinurie de Bence Jones pour le diagnostic des gammapthies monoclonales.
     
  • L’utilisation d’une gamme de mesure étendue pour le rapport κ/λ peut améliorer la spécificité du diagnostic.
 

 

Figure 2:

Adaptée de la figure originale publiée dans "Serum free light chain measurement aids the diagnosis of myeloma in patients with severe renal failure" BMC Nephrology 2008;9:11 doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-9-11

 

‘Augmentation en CLL sériques avant une augmentation de la créatinine sérique. Après traitement, les taux de créatinine sérique diminuent mais en restant toujours supérieurs à la ligne de base indiquant quelques dommages rénaux résiduels. Courtesy of S. Abdalla, St. Mary's Hospital, London, UK

Le suivi des taux de chaînes légères libres (CLL) chez les patients atteints de gammapathies monoclonales pourrait permettre l’identification des ces patients comme étant à haut risque de dommages rénaux liés aux chaînes légères. Le cas étudié dans la Figure 3 montre l’augmentation des concentrations en CLL précédant l’atteinte rénale (mesurée par la créatinine sérique). Il peut ainsi être considéré que l’augmentation des concentrations en CLL contribue à l’aggravation des dommages rénaux. Ce cas souligne les avantages des tests Freelite® pour l’identification des patients risquant une atteinte rénale.

Améliore le suivi des hémodialyses

Les hémodialyses longues faites avec les membranes de dialyse HCO 1100 de Gambro, ou HCO 1100 ont été démontrées comme étant efficaces pour l’élimination de grandes quantités de chaînes légères libres sériques en toute sécurité.6 Dans cette étude initiale, trois des cinq patients atteints de dommages rénaux sévères dus à un cylindre myélomateux et traités avec les membranes HCO 1100 en combinaison à une chimiothérapie n’ont plus nécessité de dialyse.
 
Une étude prospective complémentaire7 a évalué l’impact de la combinaison entre une chimiothérapie standard et une dialyse avec les membranes HCO-HD, sur les concentrations des chaînes légères libres sériques (CLL) et le rétablissement rénal chez des patients atteints de cylindre myélomateux (prouvé par biopsie) et d’insuffisance rénale sévère nécessitant une dialyse.
 
Sur les 19 patients de cette étude, 13 ont reçu une chimiothérapie ininterrompue et une dialyse avec HCO-HD. Ils ont démontré une réduction importante des concentrations sériques en CLL et ont recouvré la fonctionnalité de leurs reins. En ce qui concerne les 6 patients qui ont reçu une chimiothérapie temporaire ou discontinue, la diminution des concentrations des CLL sériques n’était pas suffisante et seulement un patient a pu se passer de dialyse. Une étude aléatoire multicentrique a émis l’hypothèse que les membranes HCO-HD augmenteraient le nombre de patients atteints de cylindre myélomateux pouvant se soustraire à la dialyse.
 
Une publication de 2009 dans « Nature Reviews »8 intitulée 'Serum free light chain assessment in monoclonal gammopathy and kidney disease' par Colin A. Hutchinson, Kolitha Basnayake et Paul Cockwell est disponible sur simple demande.
The Kidney in Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Editor: G.A. Herrera, St. Louis, Mo.
Contributions to Nephrology, volume 153. Published by Karger.

"In recent years, the knowledge of how renal damage occurs in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias/myeloma has substantially increased. For the first time, this publication brings together issues relating to the diagnosis and pathogenesis of these disorders, as well as a summary of advances achieved in the treatment and management of patients."
 
Request your copy here.

by Sairah Alvi PhD

How does an abnormal serum free light chain (sFLC) help in the diagnosis of renal disease?
Renal biopsies from patients may suggest a monoclonal process, and serum free light chain assays at that time aids with the process of diagnosis. I always suggest the test to the clinicians, and especially the nephrologists, to support the diagnosis of the renal biopsies. For example, a diagnosis of a light chain cast nephropathy is difficult, and the staining is seldom monoclonal. In most cases both light chains are present because the cast had been produced slowly over time, except in some cases of acute cast nephropathy where the more pertinent light chain gets trapped in the cast. Many patients present with acute renal failure, without a previous history of myeloma. Therefore, testing for abnormal free light chains in the serum is a simple way to confirm renal biopsy results.

If injury to the kidney is one of the cardinal features of plasma cell disorders, do you see early kidney damage in monoclonal gammopathies (MGUS) patients?
I see a significant number of renal biopsies from patients who have been followed for MGUS. Early manifestations of renal damage associated with monoclonal light chains present in the serum are commonly observed in the renal biopsies, whereas the bone marrow may not have clear cut evidence of plasma cell disorder or myeloma. Once you see the lesion in the renal biopsy, it's no longer an MGUS. Now it becomes a disease that should be treated. So the kidney biopsy is becoming a very important tool in deciding which patients require treatment as opposed to continued monitoring.

There are different clinical presentations of the renal disease, including renal failure, hematuria, and proteinuria/nephrotic syndrome. Do you think that sFLC should be measured in all the patients who present with the evidence of renal disease?
Yes, at least in some categories of patients. There was a time 25 years ago when I was at the University of Alabama Birmingham, it was routine for every patient who came into the hospital to get a serum protein
electrophoresis, as well as urine protein electrophoresis for Bence Jones proteins. These days, any patient over 50 with unexplained acute renal failure should probably get tested for free light chains in the serum in order to rule out a plasma cell disorder. There is no question that a significant percentage of the patients I see with acute renal failure have myeloma related disease. In addition, nine out of ten patients I diagnose with amyloidosis present initially with renal manifestations.

Dr. Herrera, do you think serum free light chain assays could help decrease the number of kidney biopsies performed?
It would definitely complement the biopsy diagnosis tremendously. To know whether the kidney damage is due to circulating light chains, one would need to do a diagnostic biopsy, with the sFLC test providing additional supportive evidence for the biopsy findings. There are significant problems with diagnosing light chain related renal disease in the clinical laboratory, primarily because of the low sensitivity of serum protein electrophoresis in demonstrating the presence of monoclonal serum free light chains, and so one needs to resort to testing the urine for light chains. This creates problems as often samples need to be concentrated because the amount of light chains may be small. To me, the serum free light chain overcomes these problems.

Can the sFLC assay be used to monitor these patients?
To monitor patients, yes. Most times the renal biopsy is done to make a diagnosis, and we often don't see sequential biopsies. Instead, patients are followed with other clinical parameters.

Is light chain cast nephropathy reversible in some instances?
It is reversible, but the long term prognosis is not good because it tends to recur. You can reverse an acute episode of cast nephropathy, and regain renal function. But renal failure remains the eventual outcome in many patients.

What percentages of patients with renal disease have immunoglobulin light chain mediated kidney damage?
Well, it depends. In my practice, I would say it could be as high as ten percent of the population. It is a combination of cast nephropathy, [Light Chain Deposition Disease], AL amyloidosis and interstitial inflammation
associated with acute tubular damage. Now that we routinely run the sFLC assay for kappa and lambda light chains to rule out a plasma cell dyscrasia, we are probably detecting more than previously.

If a serum free light chain assay is available, do you still think we need to collect a 24-hour urine sample?
Probably not. What is that going to tell me? That it went through the kidney? You already know light chains are present in the serum, you already know it can result in a kidney lesion, and to me that's plenty.

Are you going to miss anything by not doing the 24-hour urine test?
I don't think so. Previously, measuring Bence Jones proteins was the only way to find free light chains in the urine. We didn't have serum free light chain tests, and many did not show up on regular serum protein
electrophoresis. Now there are two ways to substantiate our diagnosis - by detecting monoclonal free light chains in the serum, or by confirming the presence of Bence Jones protein in the urine. To me, serum is a better option because as they go through the kidney, the light chains undergo changes that may make it difficult to detect them. In addition, some of these light chains adhere to structures in the kidneys, especially in light chain deposition disease, and if it's an AL amyloid it may never make it to the urine. You may have false negative urine, whereas you are less likely to have a false negative serum. I haven't seen a case where we have proven that there is a clonal plasma cell associated lesion in the kidney, that hasn't had the corresponding free monoclonal light chain in the serum. As you can see, it is a lot easier and better to test for it in the serum rather than in the urine.

Dr Batuman and you have suggested that light chain nephrotoxicity in multiple myeloma often presents with proximal tubular functional abnormalities. Is the process reversible if sFLC were to detect the monoclonal process earlier?
Most pathologists don't understand or recognize the lesion, and though it is a common lesion, it is difficult to diagnose as many of these light chains don't form casts. They just destroy the nephron. The good thing
about this lesion is that it's fully reversible. Normally the light chains get metabolized in the proximal tubule by lysosomes, but the abnormal light chains are not degraded by lysosomes, which leads to proximal tubular abnormalities. The proximal tubule is capable of regaining its function if the injurious agent is removed. If you tell me you have the lesion plus abnormal free light chains, you can add one plus one and have a diagnosis that should convince the hematologist that the patient needs therapeutic intervention, because many of these patients have been called MGUS.

You have been engaged for two decades in the study of glomerular damage in monoclonal light chain related renal disease. Would you like to reflect on it?
That's an even more interesting subject for free light chains, because the damage that occurs in light chain deposition disease and in AL amyloidosis is centered in the glomerulus, and it only happens because the light chain gets trapped there. After getting trapped in the glomerulus, the light chains interact with receptors and then produce tissue injury. If the light chain gets trapped there, then they are not going to be found in the urine because most of them remain in the kidney, where they inflict damage. This is a situation in which a false negative urine test for Bence Jones protein is very common. You should find the monoclonal free light chain in the serum, because that's where they're coming from. So that's another example of why I think measuring free light chains is very helpful.

Is the damage to nephron reversible?
It's a bit more complex. Of course if you detect the light chains early, you have a better chance of saving the nephron. I think once the nephron is dead, there's nothing you can do about it. But the process leading to light chain nephrotoxicity can be quite long, and in that setting looking for the free light chains at an early stage can help to make therapeutic decisions.

Lastly, Dr. Herrera, what type of screening and diagnostic algorithm would you recommend for monoclonal gammopathies or plasma cell dyscrasias?
Well, from the renal pathologist's perspective, I think that if the diagnosis starts with a kidney biopsy, and it is not known if the patient has plasma cell dyscrasia, then I would definitely measure serum free light chains. It's the easiest way to confirm the presence of a monoclonal serum protein and monoclonal gammopathy. The alternative, and more tedious option, would be to do a serum protein electrophoresis, followed by immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), serum free light chains and urine electrophoresis. Recently, I saw a renal biopsy with amyloid deposits in a transplant patient, and for diagnosis purposes suggested a serum free light chain test before the bone marrow biopsy.


Guillermo Herrera, MD is the former Professor and Chairman in the Department of Pathology at Saint Louis University. His clinical specialties include effects of monoclonal light chains on the kidney and growth factors in the kidney and soft tissue tumors. His expertise includes pathogenesis of AL amyloidosis, glomerular injury in plasma cell dyscrasia and chronic renal transplant rejection. Currently, Dr. Herrera is the Associate Medical Director at Nephrocor, a division of Bostwick Laboratories in Tempe, AZ.

Dosage des Chaînes Legères Libres Sériques : Apports dans le Diagnostic des pathologies paraprotéiques du rein par Karen Van Hoeven Cliquer ici

  1. Dispenzieri A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Leukemia 2009; 23(2)
  2. Mohammad R N, et al. Serum Free Light Chain Analysis and Urine Immunofixation Electrophoresis in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:8706-8714
  3. Hutchison CA, et al. Quantitative assessment of serum and urinary polyclonal free light chains in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Nephrology; 3:1684-1690
  4. Hutchison CA, et al. Serum free light chain measurement aids the diagnosis of myeloma in patients with severe renal failure. BMC Nephrology 2008; 9:11 doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-9-11. Download the article here. This is a free access article, please review the copyright statement on the article front page http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/9/11
  5. Abadie, J.M., et al. Are renal reference intervals required when screening for plasma cell disorders with serum free light chains and serum protein electrophoresis. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 131(2):166-71.
  6. Hutchison CA, et al. Efficient Removal of Immunoglobulin Free Light Chains by Hemodialysis for Multiple Myeloma: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18: 886-895
  7. Hutchison CA, et al. Treatment of acute renal failure secondary to multiple myeloma with chemotherapy and extended high cut-off hemodialysis.Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4:745-54
  8. Hutchison CA, et al. Serum free light chain assessment in monoclonal gammopathy and kidney disease. Nature Reviews 2009; 5:621-627